ABSTRACT
Background: Breast carcinoma is one of the most common malignant tumor of women. Determination of estrogen receptors (ER) and progesterone receptors (PR) status, prior to therapeutic intervention has become standard practice. Survival and response to hormone therapy are most favorable among women who are receptor positive. The aim of this study is to assess the hormone receptor status in locally advanced breast carcinomas and correlate this reactivity pattern with tumor stage, clinical stage and lymph node metastasis. Objective of the study was to co-relate the locally advanced breast cancer and their hormone receptor analysis.Methods: Patients who visited Department of General Surgery, Hamidia Hospital, Bhopal were assessed clinically, radiologically and histopathologically and then ER and PR study was done, for a total of 50 cases were done.Results: In our study majority of the cases were locally advanced breast cancer (50%) which may be due to the low socio economic status, late presentation, pain tolerance, illiteracy and availability of the resources. Majority of cases were in postmenopausal, clinical stage 3 and histological grade 2. ER positivity 50% and PR positivity 44% and it was found that hormone receptor positivity was high in locally advanced breast cancers 63.5%.Conclusions: Hormone receptor analysis should be an integral part of initial workup of carcinoma breast, as the percentage of hormone receptor positivity is increasing in our population in locally advanced breast cancer. So locally advanced breast cancer can be diagnosed at an early stage by screening and conducting breast awareness programs.
ABSTRACT
Aim: Accurate estimation of the prosthetic valve size pre-operatively can aid to the efficiency and effectiveness to mitral valve surgery. Traditionally Two dimensional Echocardiography is being used for this purpose but cannot be claimed as optimum tool. This study computes and analyses several linear regression equations in order to obtain a best fit model for predicting mitral prosthesis size well before operation. Materials and Methods: This hospital based longitudinal study was conducted in a tertiary care Cardio Thoracic Vascular Department from August 2011 to August 2012. A total of 67 participants suffering from Rheumatic Heart Disease (with severe mitral valve disease) were recruited. Short and long axis of the mitral annulus were measured through 2-dimensional transthoracic echocardiography. Further three regression models were plots using short axis, long axis and area of the annulus as independent variables and diameter of prosthetic valve as dependent variable. Results: Among the three predictors namely the anterio-posterior axis (short axis), commissurecommissural axis (long axis) and area of mitral valve annulus; the regression equation with short axis predicted the diameter of prosthesis more accurately. The optimum regression model for short axis is calculated as -Diameter of prosthetic valve= -0.165 + 0.769X short axis of Ellipse. The coefficient of determination for this equation (R2) is 0.905. This equation offers the explanation for maximum observations in the model (F=609.48). Conclusion: The size of optimum prosthetic valve may be determined preoperatively as a function of anterio-posterior axis (short axis) of annulus through non invasive 2-D Echocardiography. However this finding is amenable for further multi-centric validation.